Mean (±SEM) incremental changes ({Delta}) in serum insulin in response to equal amounts of carbohydrate from a white-wheat-bread reference meal (x) and test meals of whey ({circ}), milk ({diamondsuit}), cheese ({triangleup}), cod ({square}), gluten-low ({blacktriangleup}), and gluten-high ({blacktriangledown}) meals. A significant treatment effect (P < 0.0001) and treatment x time interaction (P < 0.0001) were found at a given time. Values with different lowercase letters are significantly different, P < 0.05 (Tukey’s test). n = 12 healthy subjects.
Ref: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1246-53.