References
1. Wilson J. Acute & chronic endocrine responses to exercise induced disruptions in homeostasis part one - Exercise endocrinology principles and catecholamines. HYPERplasia The Magazine.
http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/magaz...cronology1.htm
2. Wolfe RR. Volpi E. Insulin and protein metabolism. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD, eds. The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. NY: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 735-757.
3. Bennet WM, Connacher AA, Scrimgeour CM, Jung RT, Rennie MJ.
Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia augments amino acid uptake by human leg tissues during hyperaminoacidemia. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:E185-94.
4. Borsheim E, Cree MG, Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Effect of carbohydrate intake on net muscle protein synthesis during recovery from resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:674-8.
5. Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, Doyle D Jr, Wolfe RR. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E628-34.
6. Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolfe SE, Wolfe RR. An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:386-92.
7. Wolfe RR. Protein supplements and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:551S-7S.
8. Lemon PW, Berardi JM, Noreen EE. The role of protein and amino acid supplements in the athlete's diet: does type or timing of ingestion matter? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002;1:214-21.
9. Ivy J, Portman R. Nutrient Timing: The Future of Sports Nutrition. North Bergen, NJ: Basic Health Publications, 2004.
10. Levenhagen DK, Gresham JD, Carlson MG, Maron DJ, Borel MJ, Flakoll PJ. Postexercise nutrient intake timing in humans is critical to recovery of leg glucose and protein homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;280:E982-93.
11. Fielding RA, Parkington J. What are the dietary protein requirements of physically active individuals? New evidence on the effects of exercise on protein utilization during post-exercise recovery. Nutr Clin Care. 2002;5:191-6.
12. Ivy JL. Regulation of muscle glycogen repletion, muscle protein synthesis and repair following exercise. J Sports Sci Medicine. 2004;3:131-138.
13. Llewellyn W. Anabolics 2002 – Anabolic Steroids Reference Manual. Patchogue, NY: Molecular Nutrition, 2002.
14. van Loon LJ, Saris WHM, Verhagen H, Wagenmakers AJ. Plasma insulin responses after ingestion of different amino acid or protein mixtures with carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72, 96-105.
15. van Loon LJ, Kruijshoop M, Verhagen H, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. Ingestion of protein hydrolysate and amino acid-carbohydrate mixtures increases postexercise plasma insulin responses in men. J Nutr. 2000;130:2508-13.
16. Koopman R, Wagenmakers AJ, Manders RJ, Zorenc AH, Senden JM, Gorselink M, Keizer HA, van Loon LJ. Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E645-53.
17. Kaastra B, Manders RJ, van Breda E, Kies A, Jeukendrup AE, Keizer HA, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ. Effects of increasing insulin secretion on acute postexercise blood glucose disposal. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:268-75.
18. Manders RJ, Koopman R, Sluijsmans WE et al. Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate with or without additional leucine effectively reduces postprandial blood glucose excursions in Type 2 diabetic men. J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1294-9.
19. Newgard CB, Matschinksy FM. Substrate control of insulin release. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD, eds. The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 125-151.
20. Matschinsky FM, Ellerman J, Stillings S et al. Hexones and insulin secretion. In: Hasselblatt A, Bruchhausen FV, eds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 79-114.
21. Nair KS, Schwartz RG, and Welle S. Leucine as a regulator of whole body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 263:E928–E934.
22. Karlsson HK, Nilsson PA, Nilsson J, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR, Blomstrand E. Branched-chain amino acids increase p70S6K phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287: E1–E7.
23. Norton LE, Layman DK. Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J Nutr. 2006;136:533S-537S.
24. Blomstrand E, Eliasson J, Karlsson HK, Kohnke R. Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J Nutr. 2006;136:269S-73S.
25. Garlick PJ. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. J Nutr. 2005;135:1553S-6S.
26. Bucci LR, Unlu L. Protein and amino acid supplements in exercise and sport. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Energy-Yielding Macronutrients and Energy Metabolism in Sports Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000, pp. 191-212.
27. FitzGerald RJ, O´Cuinn G. Enzymatic debittering of food protein hydrolysates. Biotechnol Adv. 2006;24:234-7.
28. Pasquale MG. Protein foods vs. protein and amino acid supplements. In: Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete - The Anabolic Edge. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 89-98.
29. Manninen AH. Protein hydrolysates in sports and exercise: a brief review. J Sports Med Sci. 2004;3:60-63.
30. Adler-Nissen I. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Food Proteins. London: Elsevier, 1986.
31. Grimble GK. Mechanisms of peptide and amino acid transport and their regulation. In: Furst P, Young V, eds. Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids in Enteral Nutrition. Basel, Switzerland: Karger and Nestec, 2000, pp. 63-88.
32. Grimble GK. The significance of peptides in clinical nutrition. Ann Rev Nutr. 1992;14:419-47.
33. Bohe J, Low A, Wolfe RR, Rennie MJ. Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: a dose-response study. J Physiol. 2003;552(Pt 1):315-24.
34. Ha E, Zemel MB. Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (review). J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14:251-8.
35. Morifuji M, Sakai K, Sanbongi C, Sugiura K. Dietary whey protein downregulates fatty acid synthesis in the liver, but upregulates it in skeletal muscle of exercise-trained rats. Nutrition. 2005;21:1052-8.
36. Morifuji M, Sakai K, Sanbongi C, Sugiura K. Dietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels in exercise-trained rats. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:439-45.
37. Marshall K. Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Altern Med Rev. 2004;9:136-56.
38. Yalcin AS. Emerging therapeutic potential of whey proteins and peptides. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:1637-43.
39. Lands LC, Grey VL, Smountas AA. Effect of supplementation with a cysteine donor on muscular performance. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:1381-5.
40. Kalman DS. Gelatin. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Nutritional Ergogenic Aids. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004, pp. 105-113.
41. Moskowitz RW. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;30:87-89.
42. Horiguchi N, Horiguchi H, Suzuki Y. Effect of wheat gluten hydrolysate on the immune system in healthy human subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Dec;69(12):2445-9.
43. Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition. 1997;13:738-42.
44. Calbet JA, MacLean DA. Plasma glucagon and insulin responses depend on the rate of appearance of amino acids after ingestion of different protein solutions in humans. J Nutr. 2002;132(8):2174-82.
45. Calbet JA, Holst JJ. Gastric emptying, gastric secretion and enterogastrone response after administration of milk proteins or their peptide hydrolysates in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43:127-39.
46. Ivy JL, Goforth HW Jr, Damon BM et al. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:1337-44.
47. Zawadzki, KM, Yaspelkis BB, III, and Ivy JL. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72: 1854-1859.
48. Crowe MJ, Weatherson JM, Bowden BF. Effects of dietary leucine supplementation on exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;29:1-9.
49. Coburn JW, Housh DJ, Housh TJ et al. Effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation during eight weeks of unilateral resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;(2):284-91.
50. Bird SP, Tarenning KM, Marino FE. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97:225-38.
51. Volek JS. Influence of nutrition on responses to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:689-96.
52. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35:339-61.
53. Crewther B, Keogh J, Cronin J, Cook C. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation: acute hormonal responses. Sports Med. 2006;36(3):215-38.
54. Manninen AH. High-protein diets and purported adverse effects: where is the evidence? Sports Nutr Rev J. 2004;1;45-51.
55. Martin WF, Armstrong LE, Rodriguez NR. Dietary protein intake and renal function. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2:25.
56. Martin WF, Cerundolo LH, Pikosky MA, Gaine PC, Maresh CM, Armstrong LE, Bolster DR, Rodriguez NR. Effects of dietary protein intake on indexes of hydration. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:587-9.
57. Heaney RP. Protein intake and bone health: the influence of belief systems on the conduct of nutritional science. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:5-6.
58. Bonjour JP. Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:526S-36S.
59. Mullins NM, Sinning WE. Effects of resistance training and protein supplementation on bone turnover in young adult women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2:19.
60. Ballard TL, Clapper JA, Speckler BL, Binkley TL, Vukovich MD. Effect of protein supplementation during a 6-mo strength and conditioning program on insulin-like growth factor I and markers of bone turnover in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:1442-8.
61. Booth F. The many flavors of IGF-I. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100:1755-6.
62. Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. Protein and amino acids for athletes. J Sports Sci. 2004;22:65-79.
63. Lemon PW. Beyond the zone: protein needs of active individuals. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:513S-521S.
64. Phillips SM. Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports.
Nutrition. 2004;20:689-95.
65. Wilson J, Wilson GJ. Contemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3:7-27.
66. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:373-85.
67. Lejeune MP, Kovacs MB, Westerterp-Plantenga MP. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(2):281-9.
68. Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JL, Seyler J, Erickson DJ, Boileau RA. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. 2005;135:1903-10.
69. Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3:42-50.
70. Antonio J, Manninen AH. Eating to improve body composition. In: Antonio J, Kalman D, Stout J, Greenwood M, Willoughby D, eds. Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006 (in press).
71. Flakoll PJ, Judy T, Flinn K, Carr C, Flinn S. Postexercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle soreness during basic military training in Marine recruits. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:951-6.
72. Borer KT. Hormonal regulation of fuel use in exercise. In: Exercise Endocrinology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003, pp. 97-120.
73. Volek JS, Sharman RJ, Love DM, Avery NG, Gomez AL, Scheett TP, Kraemer WJ. Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Metabolism. 2002;51:864-70.
74. Carlson MG, Campbell PJ. Intensive insulin therapy and weight gain in IDDM. Diabetes. 1993;42:1700–7.
75. Borghouts LB, Keizer HA. Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review.
Int J Sports Med. 2000;21:1-12.
76. Ruderman NB, Park H, Kaushik VK, Dean D, Constant S, Prentki M, Saha AK. AMPK as a metabolic switch in rat muscle, liver and adipose tissue after exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003;178:435-42.
77. Krzentowski G, Pirnay F, Luyckx AS, Pallikarakis N, Lacroix M, Mosora F, Lefebvre PJ. Metabolic adaptations in post-exercise recovery. Clin Physiol. 1982;2(4):277-88.
78. Folch N, Peronnet F, Massicotte D, Duclos M, Lavoie C, Hillaire-Marcel C. Metabolic response to small and large 13C-labelled pasta meals following rest or exercise in man. Br J Nutr. 2001;85:671-80.
79. Zierath JR, Hawley JA, Dyck DJ, Bonen A. Energy turnover and substrate utilization. In: Mooren FC, Völker K, eds. Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005, pp. 145-178.
80. Dandona P, Mohanty P, Chaudhuri A, Garg R, Aljada A. Insulin infusion in acute illness. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:2069-72.
81. MacIntyre DL, Reid WD, McKenzie DC. Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Med. 1995:20;24–40.
82. Ji LL. Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999;222:283-92.
Source: www.musculardevelopment.com