Munsköljning med kolhydratlösning förbättrar prestationsförmågan.

[King Grub]

The aim of the present study was to further explore the influence of ingestion and mouth rinse with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) on the performance during a approximately 1 h high-intensity time trial on trained subjects. Subjects rinsed around the mouth or ingested a 6% isotonic CES or placebo (14 mL/kg body weight) before and throughout a time trial in which they had to accomplish a set amount of work (975+/-85 kJ) as quickly as possible. In the mouth rinse conditions, time to complete the test was shorter (P=0.02) with CES (61.7+/-5.1 min) than with placebo (64.1+/-6.5 min), whereas in the ingestion conditions, there was no difference between placebo (62.5+/-6.9 min) and CES (63.2+/-6.9 min). Although power output and lactate concentration during exercise were significantly higher when subjects rinsed their mouth with CES compared with placebo, the rating of perceived exertion values did not differ. Blood glucose concentration increased after ingestion of but not after mouth rinse with CES. The interesting finding of the present study is that rinsing the mouth with but not ingestion of CES resulted in improved performance.

Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Nov 3. Mouth rinse but not ingestion of a carbohydrate solution improves 1-h cycle time trial performance.

[spoonchest]

Vad menas med kolhydratlösning. eller, CES carbohydrate and electrolyte solution, som det hette.
Och hur kom de på iden att skölja munnen med det?
Tog kroppen upp det i munnen? Sån här engelska är skitsvår för mig att läsa och samtidigt få ut något vettigt utav.

[Danny Devito]

Skölja munnen med kolhydrater? Låter inte som en höjdare för tänderna. :P
Kroppen tar ju upp saker från munhålan också, därför man t.ex. får i sig nikotin av snus.

[bustz0rz]

Skölja munnen med kolhydrater? Låter inte som en höjdare för tänderna. :P
Kroppen tar ju upp saker från munhålan också, därför man t.ex. får i sig nikotin av snus.

Tänkte precis säga samma sak. Kan ju absolut inte vara bra för tänderna.

[Kinsei]

Hmm, då kanske jag gjort instinktivt rätt när jag sköljt munnen med sportdryck inför ett par lopp! (Fast anledningen till det var att jag ville ha den uppiggande känslan men inte oroa magen eller blåsan just då)

[Shajjn]

Vad menas med kolhydratlösning. eller, CES carbohydrate and electrolyte solution, som det hette.
Och hur kom de på iden att skölja munnen med det?
Tog kroppen upp det i munnen? Sån här engelska är skitsvår för mig att läsa och samtidigt få ut något vettigt utav.

En sportdryck innehållande en blandning av glukos och sukros.

Det visades i en tidigare studie att kolhydratlösning som intogs via dropp hos försökspersoner, som fick utföra en kortare ansträngning (typ 45-60min), inte förhöjde deras prestation. Artikelförfattarna till samma studien föreslog att att munnen kunde ligga bakom den prestationsförhöjande effekten i andra liknande studier, fast där man druckit lösningarna.

Nja, i denna studien tror man att nervsignaler från kolhydratrecepetorer i munhålan undertrycker "trötthets-signaler" från muskler som når vissa delar av hjärnan.

Om jag ska dricka sportdryck nångång under ett pass tänker jag låta det skvalpa runt lite i munnen (~5 sekunder) innan jag sväljer det :D

[frambogir]

När jag arbetade på servicehus hade vi sirap som vi hällde i en äldre herre vid akuta insulinfall, upptaget i munnen räckte för att rädda karlstackarn, så nog tas det upp en del... Vilket anekdotiskt exempel att komma med... :)

[Sverker]

Det ska inte ske något upptag av så stora och polära molekyler som fruktos och glukos genom munhålan:confused:
Nikotin är en relativt opolär molekyl och där vet vi att det finns ett upptag genom huden.
Alkohol är en liten molekyl och hyffsat opolär för att passera in i blodet.

Tyvärr är glukosen alldeles för polär ( vattenlöslig ) för att kunna passera ut i blodet:(


Kan effekten istället vara ren placebo ?

[Apos78]

En påverkan på CNS låter troligare än att kolhydraterna i sig används som energi pga upptag i munhålan. Intressant men jag har ändå svårt att se den situation där det skulle ge någon större fördel, särskilt vid tävling då man kanske redan innan "optimerat" kosten t.ex. via superkompensation.

[C.E.J.]

Det har gjorts en studie på detta tidigare va? Kul med en till studie som kom fram till samma resultat i såna fall.

[spoonchest]

En sportdryck innehållande en blandning av glukos och sukros.

Det visades i en tidigare studie att kolhydratlösning som intogs via dropp hos försökspersoner, som fick utföra en kortare ansträngning (typ 45-60min), inte förhöjde deras prestation. Artikelförfattarna till samma studien föreslog att att munnen kunde ligga bakom den prestationsförhöjande effekten i andra liknande studier, fast där man druckit lösningarna.

Nja, i denna studien tror man att nervsignaler från kolhydratrecepetorer i munhålan undertrycker "trötthets-signaler" från muskler som når vissa delar av hjärnan.

Om jag ska dricka sportdryck nångång under ett pass tänker jag låta det skvalpa runt lite i munnen (~5 sekunder) innan jag sväljer det :D

Ja, det verkar som om det skulle kunna vara värt det, placebo eller ej.
Om man ändå ska svälja det så..
Tack för bra svar!

[Shajjn]

Ja, det verkar som om det skulle kunna vara värt det, placebo eller ej.
Om man ändå ska svälja det så..
Tack för bra svar!

Tydligen var det en signifikant skillnad..

[stevebc]

Skölja munnen med kolhydrater? Låter inte som en höjdare för tänderna. :P
Kroppen tar ju upp saker från munhålan också, därför man t.ex. får i sig nikotin av snus.Att nikotinet går in i blodet av snus är väl för att dom stoppat glasfiber i snuset så det river hål på huden?

[stevebc]

Att nikotinet går in i blodet av snus är väl för att dom stoppat glasfiber i snuset så det river hål på huden?Var själv tveksam och googlade, det är en myt.

[spoonchest]

Tänkte precis säga samma sak. Kan ju absolut inte vara bra för tänderna.

Men om man sköljer tänderna efteråt?

[boinnk]

Men om man sköljer tänderna efteråt?

Då är det inte lika dåligt, men det hade fortfarande varit bättre för tänderna om man inte tagit drycken.

[sporty_thief]

Borde det inte fungera liknande med tuggummi eller liknande?

[King Grub]

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on self-selected running speeds during a 30-min treadmill run. Ten endurance-trained men performed 2 trials, each involving a 10-min warm-up at 60% VO2max followed by a 30-min run. The run was performed on an automated treadmill that allowed the spontaneous selection of speeds without manual input. Participants were asked to run at speeds that equated to a rating of perceived exertion of 15, mouth rinsing with either a 6% CHO or taste-matched placebo (PLA) solution. In addition to recording self-selected speeds and total distance covered the authors assessed the runners' subjective feelings. The total distance covered was greater during the CHO than during the PLA trial (p < .05). Faster speeds selected during the first 5 min of exercise corresponded with enhanced feelings of pleasure when mouth rinsing with the CHO solution. Mouth rinsing with a CHO solution increased total distance covered during a self-selected 30-min run in comparison with mouth rinsing with a color- and taste-matched placebo.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008 Dec;18(6):585-600. The Influence of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Self-Selected Speeds During a 30-min Treadmill Run.

[Eddie Vedder]

Jag undrar hur kolhydratlösningen smakade. Det står ju "..with enhanced feelings of pleasure when mouth rinsing with the CHO solution." och det tror jag är en väldigt viktig (och underskattad?) effekt när man tränar hårt.

Jag har själv haft suketter i vattnet när jag cyklat pass som inte varit långa nog för att behöva någon extra dock lite extra vätska. Jag upplever att den goda söta smaken ger en mental kick utan att för den delen ge mig några extra kcal.

Samma sak om jag dricker en lightcola direkt efter ett träningspass. Lightcolan blir ju dock lite mer svårtolkad, den innehåller ju trots allt koffein och mer salt än vattnet med suketten (även om natriumsackarinat givetvis innehåller natrium;)).

[TylerDurden84]

Var själv tveksam och googlade, det är en myt.

Ja, det är en myt. Fråga en som har sommarjobbat på Swedish Match :naughty:
Det är saltet som får snusen att se lite skimrande/glänsande ut.

[King Grub]

Ingen prestationsförhöjande effekt i icke fastande stadie.

It has been reported previously that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate containing solution can improve cycling performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of such a carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance during a simulated time trial in a more practical, postprandial setting.

Fourteen male, endurance trained athletes were selected to perform 2 exercise tests in the morning after consuming a standardized breakfast. Subjects performed a ~1 h time trial on a cycle ergometer, while rinsing their mouth with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Borg’s rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after every 25% of the set amount of work, and power output and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout the test.

Performance time did not differ between treatments and averaged 68.14±1.14 and 67.52±1.00 min in CHO and PLA, respectively (P = 0.57). In accordance, average power output (265±5 vs 266±5 W, P = 0.58), heart rate (169±2 vs 168±2 bpm, P = 0.43) and RPE (16.4±0.3 vs 16.7±0.3 W, P = 0.26) did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, after dividing the trial into eights, no differences in power output, heart rate or perceived exertion were observed over time between treatments.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not improve time trial performance when exercise is performed in a practical, postprandial setting.

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. In Press.. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in the Fed State Does Not Enhance Time Trial Performance

[Xealswe]

Tycker studierna verkar logiska. Man har ju fortfarande salivutsöndring i munnen och sväljer ibland. Upptaget av extra kolhydrat blir ju då fördröjt gentemot om du dricker det direkt från flaska.
Kanske förklarar dessutom varför prestationsförhöjande effekten uteblir om inte på fastande mage

[dipper]

Att nikotinet går in i blodet av snus är väl för att dom stoppat glasfiber i snuset så det river hål på huden?

I svenskt snus har saltet till en uppgift för att öppna upp för nikotinet vill jag minnas. Dock i andra snusliknande tobaker som scoal och annat "dipp" som man förbrukar i USA så finns i dessa en hel del glasfiber.
Och tro mig, det köttar sönder munnen bra mkt mera än svenskt snus.
Har snusat i 10 år utan problem, "snusade" scoal i ett år och trodde jag skulle tappa tänderna. Tandköttet har dock återhämtat sig från min scoal upplevelse :D

[King Grub]

Exercise studies have suggested that the presence of carbohydrate in the human mouth activates regions of the brain that can enhance exercise performance but direct evidence of such a mechanism is limited. The first aim of the present study was to observe how rinsing the mouth with solutions containing glucose, maltodextrin and artificial sweetener would affect exercise performance. The second aim was to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the brain regions activated by these substances. In Study 1A, eight endurance trained cyclists (VO2max 60.8 +/- 4.1 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) completed a cycle time trial (total work = 914 +/- 29 kJ) significantly faster when rinsing their mouths with a 6.4% glucose solution compared with a placebo containing saccharin (60.4 +/- 3.7 min and 61.6 +/- 3.8 min, respectively, P = 0.007). The fMRI study (1B) revealed that oral exposure to glucose activated reward-related brain regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex and striatum, which were unresponsive to saccharin. In Study 2A, eight endurance trained cyclists (VO2max 57.8 +/- 3.2 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) tested the effect of rinsing with a 6.4% maltodextrin solution on exercise performance, showing it to significantly reduce the time to complete a cycle time trial (total work = 837 +/- 68 kJ) compared to an artificially sweetened placebo (62.6 +/- 4.7 min and 64.6 +/- 4.9 min, respectively, P = 0.012). The second neuroimaging study (2B) compared the cortical response to oral maltodextrin and glucose, revealing a similar pattern of brain activation in response to the two carbohydrate solutions, including areas of the insula/ frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex and striatum. The results suggest that the improvement in exercise performance that is observed when carbohydrate is present in the mouth may be due to the activation of brain regions believed to be involved in reward and motor control. The findings also suggest that there may be a class of so far unidentified oral receptors that respond to carbohydrate independently of those for sweetness.

J Physiol. 2009 Feb 23. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity.

[Eddie Vedder]

J Physiol. 2009 Feb 23. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity.

Ibland har man tur, det är ju EXAKT det jag funderade över! T.o.m samma aktivitet och samma sötningsmedel, cykling och sackarin. Hänger de där forskarna på Kolo och letar studieämnen?:D

Jag undrar hur kolhydratlösningen smakade. Det står ju "..with enhanced feelings of pleasure when mouth rinsing with the CHO solution." och det tror jag är en väldigt viktig (och underskattad?) effekt när man tränar hårt.

Jag har själv haft suketter i vattnet när jag cyklat pass som inte varit långa nog för att behöva någon extra dock lite extra vätska. Jag upplever att den goda söta smaken ger en mental kick utan att för den delen ge mig några extra kcal.

[Eddie Vedder]

Är dessa resultat ännu en av forskningsvärldens motsägningar... eller hur står detta mot vad man säger i J Strength Cond Res. (2008 Jun 9. Supplemental Carbohydrate Ingestion Does Not Improve Performance of High-Intensity Resistance Exercise):

"The results suggest that [carbohydrate] supplementation does not enhance performance of squats performed with 85% 1RM to volitional failure.”

Olika studier med olika försökspersoner och olika metodik kommer till lite olika resultat. Inget konstigt med det.

Det är det sammantagna vetenskapliga stödet för A kontra B som ger en bild av vad som kan antas "stämma".

Varenda studie som görs där kolhydratintag och prestation testas kommer ju inte per automatik innebära förbättringar på mätvärden hos människorna i studien. Men fortfarande finns ju en uppsjö av välgjorda studier som pekar på det.

[King Grub]

PURPOSE:: To investigate the influence of mouth-rinsing a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on 1 h running performance. A second study determined whether mouth-rinsing a CHO-E solution altered the blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations at rest.

METHODS:: Following a 13 h fast, ten endurance-trained male runners completed two 1 h performance runs on an automated treadmill, whilst mouth-rinsing 25 ml of either a 6.4% CHO-E (C) or placebo (P) solution immediately before and at 15-min intervals during the 1 h run. An additional ten healthy active males followed the same mouth-rinsed procedure during a 1 h resting period. Finger prick blood samples were obtained for determination of blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations.

RESULTS:: Runners covered 211 m (90 % CI = 42 m to 380 m, P = 0.048) further during the C trial (14298 +/- 685 m, mean +/- SD) in comparison to the P trial (14086 +/- 732 m). There was no change in blood glucose concentrations during the 1 h run (P; pre, 4.3 +/- 0.2 mmol.L, post, 4.3 +/- 0.3 mmol.L C: pre, 4.3 +/- 0.4 mmol.L, post, 4.3 +/- 0.3 mmol.L-1). At rest there was no change in blood glucose (P; 4.3 +/- 0.1 mmol.L, C: 4.3 +/- 0.2 mmol.L) or plasma insulin (P; 6.2 +/- 1.1 mU.L, CHO; 5.9 +/- 1.0 1.1 mU.L) concentrations (P > 0.10).

CONCLUSION:: Mouth-rinsing a 6.4% CHO-E solution was associated with increased distance covered during a 1 h performance run in comparison to mouth-rinsing a placebo solution. Mouth-rinsing a CHO-E was not associated with changes in blood glucose concentration during exercise or at rest.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Nov 27. The Influence of Mouth-Rinsing A Carbohydrate Solution on 1 Hour Running Performance.

[Insulinus]

Då måste det helt enkelt bero på någon form utav belöningssystem i hjärnan som aktiveras! För efter 13h fasta borde glukosen synas i ett blodglukostest kan man tycka.


Gillar dock mina tänder i det skick de är och tänker inte börja kolhydratsskölja munnen. Läste tidigare i tråden om en kille som hällde lite sirap i munnen för att höja blodsockret vid hypoglykemi på en äldre herre.
Likaså har min läkare berättat att en droppe honung på tungspetsen räcker för att höja blodsockret! Just honung är som bekant glukos/fruktos i fritt monosackaridformat men enligt Sverker tidigare i tråden ska dessa inte kunna upptas i munnen pga sin poläritet och storlek trots att de är så små de kan bli!
Finns det några bevis för att det är så? Har min läkare fel?

Jag blev nyfiken nu!

[King Grub]

Purpose of review: Carbohydrate during exercise has been demonstrated to improve exercise performance even when the exercise is of high intensity (>75% VO2max) and relatively short duration (∼1 h). It has become clear that the underlying mechanisms for the ergogenic effect during this type of activity are not metabolic but may reside in the central nervous system.

Recent findings: Carbohydrate mouth rinses have been shown to result in similar performance improvements. This would suggest that the beneficial effects of carbohydrate feeding during exercise are not confined to its conventional metabolic advantage but may also serve as a positive afferent signal capable of modifying motor output. These effects are specific to carbohydrate and are independent of taste. The receptors in the oral cavity have not (yet) been identified and the exact role of various brain areas is not clearly understood. Further research is warranted to fully understand the separate taste transduction pathways for simple and complex carbohydrates and how these differ between mammalian species, particularly in humans.

Summary: Carbohydrate is detected in oral cavity by unidentified receptors and this can be linked to improvements in exercise performance.

Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jul;13(4):447-51. Oral carbohydrate sensing and exercise performance.

[King Grub]

PURPOSE:: To investigate the influence of ingesting versus mouth-rinsing a carbohydrateelectrolyte solution on 1 h running performance.

METHODS:: Following a 14-15 h fast, ten endurance-trained male runners (M +/- SD, V O2peak = 65.0 +/- 4.4 ml . kg . min) completed three 1 h performance runs separated by 1 week. In random order runners either ingested 8 ml . kg body mass of either a 6.4 % carbohydrateelectrolyte solution (CHO) or placebo solution (P) 30 min prior to and 2 ml . kg body mass at 15 min intervals throughout the 1 h run. On a separate occasion runners mouth-rinsed (R) a 6.4 % carbohydrate-electrolyte solution i.e. without ingestion, at the same times as in the ingestion trials.

RESULTS:: Total distances covered in the CHO, P and R trials were 14515 + 756 m; 14190 +/- 800 m and 14283 +/- 758 m respectively. Runners covered 320 m more (90% CI of difference = 140 m to 510 m, P = 0.01) during the CHO trial compared to the P trial and 230 m more (90% CI of difference = 83 m to 380 m, P = 0.019) in comparison to the R trial. There was no difference in n distance covered between the R trial and P trial (P = 1.0).

CONCLUSION:: A greater distance was covered following the mouth-rinse and ingestion of a 6.4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution during a 1 h performance run than when mouth-rinsing the same solution or mouth-rinsing followed by the ingestion of the same volume of a placebo solution.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Aug 2. Influence of Ingesting Versus Mouth-Rinsing a Carbohydrate Solution during a 1 H Run.

[King Grub]

It is well known that carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation can improve performance in endurance exercises through several mechanisms such as maintenance of glycemia and sparing endogenous glycogen as well as the possibility of a central nervous-system action. Some studies have emerged in recent years in order to test the hypothesis of ergogenic action via central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that CHO mouth rinse can lead to improved performance of cyclists, and this may be associated with the activation of brain areas linked to motivation and reward. These findings have already been replicated in other endurance modalities, such as running. This alternative seems to be an attractive nutritional tool to improve endurance exercise performance.

Nutr J. 2010 Aug 27;9(1):33. Carbohydrate mouth rinse: does it improve endurance exercise performance?

[Eddie Vedder]

http://traningslara.se/skolja-munnen-med-sportdryck-for-prestationsforbattring/

[Doctor Snuggles]

Det ska inte ske något upptag av så stora och polära molekyler som fruktos och glukos genom munhålan:confused:
Nikotin är en relativt opolär molekyl och där vet vi att det finns ett upptag genom huden.
Alkohol är en liten molekyl och hyffsat opolär för att passera in i blodet.

Tyvärr är glukosen alldeles för polär ( vattenlöslig ) för att kunna passera ut i blodet:(


Kan effekten istället vara ren placebo ?

"Subjects rinsed around the mouth or ingested a 6% isotonic CES or placebo (14 mL/kg body weight)"

Hur kan effekten vara placebo, om placebogruppen inte fick något resultat?

[Doctor Snuggles]

Då måste det helt enkelt bero på någon form utav belöningssystem i hjärnan som aktiveras! För efter 13h fasta borde glukosen synas i ett blodglukostest kan man tycka.


Gillar dock mina tänder i det skick de är och tänker inte börja kolhydratsskölja munnen. Läste tidigare i tråden om en kille som hällde lite sirap i munnen för att höja blodsockret vid hypoglykemi på en äldre herre.
Likaså har min läkare berättat att en droppe honung på tungspetsen räcker för att höja blodsockret! Just honung är som bekant glukos/fruktos i fritt monosackaridformat men enligt Sverker tidigare i tråden ska dessa inte kunna upptas i munnen pga sin poläritet och storlek trots att de är så små de kan bli!
Finns det några bevis för att det är så? Har min läkare fel?

Jag blev nyfiken nu!

Det lutar onekligen åt att det är andra processer på g, än de som påverkas av kolhydratsupptag. "Matbelöning" är väl delvis beroende på dopaminet t.ex. och det verkar inte helt evolutionärt orimligt att det systemet sätts igång redan vid smaklökarna.
Man kan ju alltid ta ett fluortuggumi efter man sköljt eller ngt. Borde iaf göra det mindre skadligt för tänderna.

Detta är intressant, för jag har högst anekdotisk upplevt en pigghetsförändring då jag intar sötade drycker, t.ex. saft, i princip direkt efter bara en klunk. Det verkade aldrig rimligt att sockret togs upp såpass snabbt så det kunde användas av hjärnan et al. Nu säger iof studien att försökspersonerna inte upplevde ngn subjektiv förändring, men men...

[King Grub]

It has been previously reported that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse can improve exercise performance. The proposed mechanism involves increased activation of brain regions believed to be responsible for reward/motivation and motor control. Since strength-related performance is affected by central drive to the muscles, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the positive CNS response to oral CHO sensing may counteract the inhibitory input from the muscle afferent pathways minimizing the drop in the central drive. The purpose of the current study was to test if CHO mouth rinse affects maximum strength and strength endurance performance. Twelve recreationally strength-trained healthy males (age 24.08 ± 2.99 years; height 178.09 ± 6.70 cm; weight 78.67 ± 8.17 kg) took part in the study. All of the tests were performed in the morning, after an 8 h overnight fasting. Subjects were submitted to a maximum strength test (1-RM) and a strength endurance test (six sets until failure at 70% of 1-RM), in separate days under three different experimental conditions (CHO mouth rinse, placebo-PLA mouth rinse and control-CON) in a randomized crossover design. The CHO mouth rinse (25 ml) occurred before every attempt in the 1-RM test, and before every set in the endurance strength test. Blood glucose and lactate were measured immediately before and 5 min post-tests. There were no significant differences in 1-RM between experimental conditions (CHO 101 ± 7.2 kg; PLA 101 ± 7.4 kg; CON 101 ± 7.2 kg; p = 0.98). Furthermore, there were no significance between trial differences in the number of repetitions performed in each set (p = 0.99) or the total exercise volume (number of repetitions × load lifted [kg]) (p = 0.98). A main effect for time (p < 0.0001) in blood lactate concentration was observed in both tests (1-RM and strength endurance). Blood glucose concentration did not differ between conditions. In conclusion, CHO mouth rinse does not affect maximum strength or strength endurance performance.

Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Feb 19. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on maximal strength and strength endurance.

[King Grub]

Background.

Oropharyngeal receptors signal presence of carbohydrate to the brain. Mouth rinses with a carbohydrate solution facilitate corticomotor output and improve time-trial performance in well-trained subjects in a fasted state. We tested for this effect in nonathletic subjects in fasted and nonfasted state.

Methods.

13 healthy non-athletic males performed 5 tests on a cycle ergometer. After measuring maximum power output (Wmax), the subjects cycled four times at 60% Wmax until exhaustion while rinsing their mouth every 5 minutes with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution or water, one time after an overnight fast and another after a carbohydrate rich breakfast.

Results.

Mouth rinsing with maltodextrin improved time-to-exhaustion in pre- and postprandial states. This was accompanied by reductions in the average and maximal rates of perceived exertion but no change in average or maximal heart rate was observed.

Conclusions.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves endurance capacity in both fed and fasted states in non-athletic subjects.

J Nutr Metab. 2011;2011:385962. Carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on exercise capacity in pre- and postprandial States.

[King Grub]

Studies have reported that rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution improves cycling time trial performance compared to rinsing with a placebo solution. However, no studies have compared the effect of mouth rinsing to a no mouth rinse control condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a carbohydrate mouth rinse to a placebo rinse and to a no-rinse condition. Ten male cyclists completed three 1000 kJ cycling time trials in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Every 12.5% of the time trial completed, participants were required to rinse their mouth for 5 s with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO), water (WA) or no solution (CON). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 25% of the time trial completed. Time to completion was faster in both CHO (65.7 ± 11.07 min) and CON (67.6 ± 12.68 min) compared to WA (69.4 ± 13.81 min; p = 0.013 and p = 0.042, respectively). The difference between CHO and CON approached significance (p = 0.086). There were no differences in heart rate or RPE between any conditions. In summary, repeated mouth rinsing with water results in decreased performance relative to not rinsing at all. Adding CHO to the rinse solution appears to oppose this fall in performance, possibly providing additional benefits to performance compared to not rinsing the mouth at all. This brings into question the magnitude of the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing reported in previous studies which did not include a no-rinse condition.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012 Sep 4. The Presence of Carbohydrate in a Mouth Rinse Solution Opposes the Detrimental Effect of Mouth Rinsing During Cycling Time Trials.

[clavain]

Intressant. Nån som vet om liknande tester gjorts med artificiella sötningsmedel?

[King Grub]

It is presently unclear whether the reported ergogenic effect of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on cycling time-trial performance is affected by the acute nutritional status of an individual. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a CHO mouth rinse on a 60-min simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Twelve competitive male cyclists each completed 4 experimental trials using a double-blinded Latin square design. Two trials were commenced 2 h after a meal that contained 2.5 g·kg(-1) body mass of CHO (FED) and 2 after an overnight fast (FST). Prior to and after every 12.5% of total time during a performance ride, either a 10% maltodextrin (CHO) or a taste-matched placebo (PLB) solution was mouth rinsed for 10 s then immediately expectorated. There were significant main effects for both pre-ride nutritional status (FED vs. FST; p < 0.01) and CHO mouth rinse (CHO vs. PLB; p < 0.01) on power output with an interaction evident between the interventions (p < 0.05). The CHO mouth rinse improved mean power to a greater extent after an overnight fast (282 vs. 273 W, 3.4%; p < 0.01) compared with a fed state (286 vs. 281 W, 1.8%; p < 0.05). We concluded that a CHO mouth rinse improved performance to a greater extent in a fasted compared with a fed state; however, optimal performance was achieved in a fed state with the addition of a CHO mouth rinse.

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Feb;38(2):134-9. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state.

[King Grub]

Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse has been shown to improve time trial performance. Although the exact mechanism remains un-established, research postulates that there are oral cavity receptors which increase neural drive. Increasing the duration of the mouth rinse could potentially increase stimulation of these receptors. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether the duration of mouth rinse with 6.4% CHO affected 30-min self-selected cycling performance. Eleven male participants (age =24.1±3.9 years) performed three 30-min self-paced trials. On one occasion water was given as a mouth rinse for 5 s without being ingested placebo (PLA), on the other two occasions a 6.4% CHO solution was given for 5 and 10 s. Distance cycled, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, cadence, speed and power were recorded throughout all trials. The main findings were that distance cycled during the 10-s mouth rinse trial (20.4±2.3 km) was significantly greater compared to the PLA trial (19.2±2.2 km; P<0.01). There was no difference between the 5- and 10-s trials (P=0.15). However, 10 out of 11 participants cycled further during the 5-s trial compared to PLA, and eight cycled further during the 10-s trial compared to the 5 s. In conclusion, although there was an improvement in distance cycled with the 5-s mouth rinse compared to the PLA it was only significant with 10 s suggesting a dose response to the duration of mouth rinse.

EJSS (Champaign). 2013 Apr 11. The effect of different durations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance.

[King Grub]

Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses in enhancing repeated sprint ability. Previously, studies have shown that a carbohydrate mouth rinse (without ingestion) has beneficial effects on endurance performance that are related to changes in brain activity. Caffeine ingestion has also demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate or caffeine mouth rinses on intermittent sprints have not been examined previously. Twelve males performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five milliliters of either a noncaloric placebo, a 6% glucose, or a 1.2% caffeine solution was rinsed in the mouth for 5 s prior to each sprint in a double-blinded and balanced cross-over design. Postexercise maximal heart rate and perceived exertion were recorded, along with power measures. A second experiment compared a combined caffeine-carbohydrate rinse with carbohydrate only. Compared with the placebo mouth rinse, carbohydrate substantially increased peak power in sprint 1 (22.1 ± 19.5 W; Cohen's effect size (ES), 0.81), and both caffeine (26.9 ± 26.9 W; ES, 0.71) and carbohydrate (39.1 ± 25.8 W; ES, 1.08) improved mean power in sprint 1. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a combination of caffeine and carbohydrate improved sprint 1 power production compared with carbohydrate alone (36.0 ± 37.3 W; ES, 0.81). We conclude that carbohydrate and (or) caffeine mouth rinses may rapidly enhance power production, which could have benefits for specific short sprint exercise performance. The ability of a mouth-rinse intervention to rapidly improve maximal exercise performance in the absence of fatigue suggests a central mechanism.

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Jun;38(6):633-637. Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance.

[King Grub]

BACKGROUND:

Research suggests that carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) improves endurance performance; yet, little is known regarding the effect of CMR on multiple sprint efforts. As many sports involve multiple sprinting efforts, followed by periods of recovery, the aim of our current study was to investigate the influence of CMR on multiple sprint performance.

METHODS:

We recruited eight active males (Age; 22 +/- 1 y; 75.0 +/- 8.8 kg; estimated VO2max 52.0 +/- 3.0 ml/kg/min) to participate in a randomly assigned, double-blind, counterbalanced study administering a CMR (6.4% Maltodextrin) or similarly flavoured placebo solution. Primary outcomes for our study included: (a) time for three repeated sprint ability tests (RSA) and (b) the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST). Time was expressed in seconds (sec). Secondary outcomes included ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood glucose concentration. Tertiary outcomes included two psychological assessments designed to determine perceived activation (i.e., arousal) and pleasure-displeasure after each section of the LIST. We analysed our data using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, a Bonferroni adjusted post hoc t-test to determine significant differences in treatment, and a liberal 90% confidence interval between treatment conditions. Effect sizes were calculated between trials and interpreted as <= 0.2 trivial, > 0.2 small, > 0.6 moderate, > 1.2 large, > 2 very large and > 4 extremely large. Data are means +/- SD. Overall statistical significance was set as P < 0.05; yet, modified accordingly when Bonferroni adjustments were made.

RESULTS:

Overall, we observed no significant difference in average (3.46 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.44 +/- 0.17; P = 0.11) or fastest time (3.38 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.37 +/- 0.2; P = 0.39) in the RSA test for the placebo vs. CMR conditions, respectively. Similar findings were also noted for the placebo vs. CMR, respectively, during the LIST test (3.52 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.54 +/- 0.2 sec; P = 0.63). Despite a significantly higher within group RPE during the 3rd and 4th sections of the LIST (< 0.05), no between group differences were otherwise noted. No differences were noted for blood glucose concentrations throughout the testing protocol. Lastly, from a psychological perspective, we observed no differences in pleasure-displeasure or perceived activation.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of our current study suggest that CMR does not improve exercise performance, RPE or perceived pleasure-displeasure during high intensity activity requiring repeated, intermittent, sprint efforts.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 Sep 25;10(1):41. Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on multiple sprint performance.

[King Grub]

The presence of carbohydrate in the human mouth has been associated with the facilitation of motor output and improvements in physical performance. Oral receptors have been identified as a potential mode of afferent transduction for this novel form of nutrient signalling that is distinct from taste. In the current study oral exposure to carbohydrate was combined with a motor task in a neuroimaging environment to identify areas of the brain involved in this phenomenon. A mouth-rinsing protocol was conducted while carbohydrate (CHO) and taste-matched placebo (PLA) solutions were delivered and recovered from the mouths of 10 healthy volunteers within a double-blind, counterbalanced design. This protocol eliminates post-oral factors and controls for the perceptual qualities of solutions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was used to identify cortical areas responsive to oral carbohydrate during rest and activity phases of a hand-grip motor task. Mean blood-oxygen-level dependent signal change experienced in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex was larger for CHO compared to PLA during the motor task when contrasted with a control condition. Areas of activation associated with CHO exclusively were observed over the primary taste cortex and regions involved in visual perception. Regions in the limbic system associated with reward were also significantly more active with CHO. This is the first demonstration that oral carbohydrate signalling can increase activation within the primary sensorimotor cortex during physical activity and enhance activation of neural networks involved in sensory perception.

Appetite. 2014 May 20. Carbohydrate in the mouth enhances activation of brain circuitry involved in motor performance and sensory perception.

[King Grub]

The purpose was to determine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouthrinse on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and neuromuscular output in a fatigued state. It was hypothesized that CHO mouthrinse would potentiate torque output in a fatigued state. In a double-blind, cross-over design, 12 competitive male athletes (9 rowers, 1 cyclist, 1 runner and 1 volleyball player) initially performed 3x5sec MVC isometric knee extensions followed by a 50% MVC contraction until volitional exhaustion, with quadriceps muscle activity measured via electromyography (EMG). Immediately after, either an 8% CHO maltodextrin (WASH), or non-caloric artificial sweetener (PLA) was mouthrinsed for 10sec, prior to 3x5sec final MVCs. Fatigue caused a significant decline in post-fatigue MVC trial 1 for 3sec average torque (p=0.03) and peak torque (p=0.02) for PLA. This fatigue related decline in torque was not noticed for WASH, with a 2.5% and 3.5% less attenuation in peak and average torque, respectively in post-fatigue MVC1 compared to PLA. The effect size for MVC trial 1 between WASH/PLA was seen to be small positive (ES=0.22; 55% likelihood of positive). Overall for EMG RMS, there were no significant differences between PLA and WASH amongst all muscles. EMG median frequency showed comparable results between conditions with significant reductions due to fatigue. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the attenuation of torque post-fatigue was less for CHO mouthrinse than a placebo. Even though the gains were marginal, these discoveries may play an important role in sport performance, as small performance effects can have significant outcomes in real-world competitions.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Sep 8. Carbohydrate Mouthrinse Counters Fatigue Related Strength Reduction.

[Zeritho]

Ökar prestationer även för gym? Eller är det bara uthållighetssporter?

[King Grub]

Oral carbohydrate rinsing has beneficial effects on endurance performance and caffeine mouth rinsing either independently or in conjunction with carbohydrate may enhance sprinting performance. However, the effects of carbohydrate and/ or caffeine mouth rinses on resistance exercise have not been examined previously. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate and/ or caffeine rinsing on maximum strength and muscular endurance performance. Fifteen recreationally resistance trained males completed an exercise protocol which involved a one repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press followed by 60% of their 1-RM to failure in a double-blind, randomised, counterbalanced crossover design. Prior to exercise either 25 ml of a 6% (15 g; 0.20±0.02 g·kg) carbohydrate (CHO), 1.2% (300 mg; 3.9±0.3 mg·kg) caffeine (CAF), carbohydrate with caffeine (C+C) solutions, or water (PLA) were rinsed for 10 s. During the remaining session, no solution was rinsed (CON). All solutions were flavoured with (200 mg) sucralose. Felt arousal was recorded pre- and post-rinse and rating of perceived exertion was recorded immediately after the repetitions to failure. There were no significant differences in 1-RM (P=0.808; ηp=0.02), the number of repetitions performed (P=0.682; ηp=0.03) or the total exercise volume (P=0.482; ηp=0.03) between conditions. RPE was similar for all trials (P=0.330; ηp=0.08), while Felt arousal increased as a consequence of rinsing (P=0.001; ηp=0.58), but was not different between trials (P=0.335; ηp=0.08). These results suggest that rinsing with a carbohydrate and caffeine solution either independently or combined has no significant effect on maximum strength or muscular endurance performance.

J Strength Cond Res. 2015 Mar 17. CARBOHYDRATE AND CAFFEINE MOUTH RINSES DO NOT AFFECT MAXIMUM STRENGTH AND MUSCULAR ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE.

[King Grub]

We tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate mouth rinsing, alone or in combination with caffeine, augments high-intensity interval (HIT) running capacity undertaken in a carbohydrate-restricted state. Carbohydrate restriction was achieved by performing high-intensity running to volitional exhaustion in the evening prior to the main experimental trials and further refraining from carbohydrate intake in the post-exercise and overnight period. On the subsequent morning, eight males performed 45-min steady-state (SS) exercise (65% [Formula: see text]) followed by HIT running to exhaustion (1-min at 80% [Formula: see text]interspersed with 1-min walking at 6 km/h). Subjects completed 3 trials consisting of placebo capsules (administered immediately prior to SS and immediately before HIT) and placebo mouth rinse at 4-min intervals during HIT (PLACEBO), placebo capsules but 10% carbohydrate mouth rinse (CMR) at corresponding time-points or finally, caffeine capsules (200 mg per dose) plus 10% carbohydrate mouth rinse (CAFF + CMR) at corresponding time-points. Heart rate, capillary glucose, lactate, glycerol and NEFA were not different at exhaustion during HIT (P > 0.05). However, HIT capacity was different (P < 0.05) between all pair-wise comparisons such that CAFF + CMR (65 ± 26 min) was superior to CMR (52 ± 23 min) and PLACEBO (36 ± 22 min). We conclude that carbohydrate mouth rinsing and caffeine ingestion improves exercise capacity undertaken in carbohydrate-restricted states. Such nutritional strategies may be advantageous for those athletes who deliberately incorporate elements of training in carbohydrate-restricted states (i.e. the train-low paradigm) into their overall training programme in an attempt to strategically enhance mitochondrial adaptations of skeletal muscle.

Eur J Sport Sci. 2015 Jun 2:1-9. Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17461391.2015.1041063?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&#.VXFCxMtxmmQ

[J.V]

Jag har testat detta under hockeymatcher sista tiden och upplever att det fungerar bra, även om det säkert är en känga placebo bara för att jag har läst den här tråden.

[King Grub]

BACKGROUND:

The effect of mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution on exercise performance is inconclusive with no benefits observed in the fed state. This study examined the effect of CHO mouth rinse or CHO ingestion on performance in 9 moderately trained male cyclists.

METHODS:

Four trials were undertaken, separated by 7 days, in a randomized, counterbalanced design. Each trial included a 90-min glycogen-reducing exercise protocol, immediately followed by a low CHO meal and subsequent overnight fast; the following morning a 1-h cycling time trial was conducted. The trials included 15 % CHO mouth rinse (CHOR), 7.5 % CHO ingestion (CHOI), placebo mouth rinse and placebo ingestion. Solutions were provided after every 12.5 % of completed exercise: 1.5 mL · kg(-1) and 0.33 mL · kg(-1) body mass during ingestion and rinse trials, respectively. During rinse trials participants swirled the solution for 8 s before expectorating. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals before and during exercise.

RESULTS:

Performance time was not different between trials (P = 0.21) but the 4.5-5.2 % difference between CHOI and other trials showed moderate practical significance (Cohen's d 0.57-0.65). Power output was higher in CHOI relative to other trials (P < 0.01). There were no differences between CHOR and placebo groups for any performance variables. Plasma glucose, insulin and lactate concentrations were higher in CHOI relative to other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

In a fasted and glycogen-reduced state ingestion of a CHO solution during high-intensity exercise enhanced performance through stimulation of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The CHO mouth rinsing had neither ergogenic effects nor changes in endocrine or metabolic responses relative to placebo.


J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016 Apr 23;13:19. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has no effect on power output during cycling in a glycogen-reduced state.

[King Grub]

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of mouth rinsing with a 6% and 16% carbohydrate solution (CHO) on time trial performance when compared to a 0% control (PLA) when in a fed state. Twelve recreationally active males underwent three trials by which they had to complete a set workload (600 ± 65 W) in a fed state. Throughout each trial, participants rinsed their mouths with a 25 ml bolus of a 0% PLA, 6% or 16% CHO (maltodextrin) for every 12.5% of work completed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate were recorded every 12.5% of total work. Performance times and power output improved significantly when using the 6% and 16% CHO versus the PLA trial (6% versus PLA, p = .002 and 16% versus PLA, p = .001). When comparing the performance times of the 6% to 16% CHO, no significance was observed (p = .244). There was no significant difference between heart rate levels or RPE values across the three trials. In conclusion, mouth rinsing with a 6% or 16% CHO solution has a positive effect on a cycling time trial performance undertaken in a fed state.

Effects of various concentrations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance in a fed state. European Journal of Sport Science, 23 June 2016.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17461391.2016.1196735#abstract

[Luca Brasi]

Har man prövat aspartam?

[King Grub]

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing can improve endurance exercise performance and is most ergogenic when exercise is completed in the fasted state. This strategy may also be beneficial to increase exercise capacity and the energy deficit achieved during moderate intensity exercise relevant to weight control when performed after an overnight fast. Eighteen healthy men (mean(SD); age 23(4)years, body mass index 23.1(2.4)kg.m-2) completed a familiarisation trial and three experimental trials. After an overnight fast, participants performed 60-minutes of treadmill walking at a speed that equated to a rating of perceived exertion of 13 (“fairly hard”). Participants manually adjusted the treadmill speed to maintain this exertion. Mouth rinses for the experimental trials contained either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution with sweetener (CHO), a taste-matched placebo (PLA) or water (WAT). Appetite ratings were collected using visual analogue scales and exercise energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were calculated from online gas analysis. Increased walking distance during CHO and PLA induced greater energy expenditure compared with WAT (mean difference (90% CI); 79(60)kJ; P=0.035; d=0.24 and 90(63)kJ; P=0.024; d=0.27, respectively). Appetite area under the curve was lower in CHO and PLA than WAT (8(6)mm; P=0.042; d=0.43 and 6(8)mm; P=0.201; d=0.32, respectively). Carbohydrate oxidation was higher in CHO than PLA and WAT (7.3(6.7)g; P=0.078; d=0.47 and 10.1(6.5)g; P=0.015; d=0.81, respectively). This study provides novel evidence that mouth rinsing with a sweetened solution may promote a greater energy deficit during moderate exertion walking exercise by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite. A placebo effect may have contributed to these benefits.

Mouth rinsing with a sweet solution increases energy expenditure and decreases appetite during 60 minutes of self-regulated walking exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 22 August 2016.

http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/apnm-2016-0344

[King Grub]

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing can improve endurance exercise performance and is most ergogenic when exercise is completed in the fasted state. This strategy may also be beneficial to increase exercise capacity and the energy deficit achieved during moderate-intensity exercise relevant to weight control when performed after an overnight fast. Eighteen healthy men (mean (SD); age, 23 (4) years; body mass index, 23.1 (2.4) kg·m-2) completed a familiarisation trial and 3 experimental trials. After an overnight fast, participants performed 60 min of treadmill walking at a speed that equated to a rating of perceived exertion of 13 ("fairly hard"). Participants manually adjusted the treadmill speed to maintain this exertion. Mouth rinses for the experimental trials contained either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution with sweetener (CHO), a taste-matched placebo (PLA), or water (WAT). Appetite ratings were collected using visual analogue scales and exercise energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were calculated from online gas analysis. Increased walking distance during CHO and PLA induced greater energy expenditure compared with WAT (mean difference (90% confidence interval); 79 (60) kJ, P = 0.035, d = 0.24; and 90 (63) kJ, P = 0.024, d = 0.27, respectively). Appetite area under the curve was lower in CHO and PLA than WAT (8 (6) mm, P = 0.042, d = 0.43; and 6 (8) mm, P = 0.201, d = 0.32, respectively). Carbohydrate oxidation was higher in CHO than PLA and WAT (7.3 (6.7) g, P = 0.078, d = 0.47; and 10.1 (6.5) g, P = 0.015, d = 0.81, respectively). This study provides novel evidence that mouth rinsing with a sweetened solution may promote a greater energy deficit during moderate-exertion walking exercise by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite. A placebo effect may have contributed to these benefits.

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug 22:1-7. Mouth rinsing with a sweet solution increases energy expenditure and decreases appetite during 60 min of self-regulated walking exercise.

[King Grub]

This study investigated the impact that mouth rinsing carbohydrate solution has on skill-specific performance and reaction time following a fatigue-inducing bout of fencing in epee fencers. Nine healthy, national-level epee fencers visited a laboratory on two occasions, separated by a minimum of five days, to complete a 1-minute lunge test and Stroop test pre- and post-fatigue. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during completion of the fatiguing protocol. Between fights the participant’s mouth rinsed for 10 seconds, either 25 ml of 6.7% maltodextrin solution (MALT) or water (PLAC). Blood lactate and glucose were recorded at baseline, pre- and post-testing. Results showed an increase in heart rate and overall RPE over time in both conditions. There were no differences in blood glucose (F(1,8) = .63, P = .4, ηp = .07) or blood lactate levels (F(1,8) = .12, P = .70, ηp  = .01) between conditions as a function of time. There was a significant improvement in lunge test accuracy during the MALT trial (F(1,8) = 5.21, P = .05, ηp  = .40) with an increase from pre (81.2 ± 8.3%) to post (87.6 ± 9.4%), whereas there was no significant change during the placebo (pre 82.1 ± 8.8%, post 78.8 ± 6.4%). There were no recorded differences between conditions in response time to congruent (F(1,8) = .33, P = .58, ηp  = .04) or incongruent stimuli (F(1,8) = .19, P = .68, ηp  = .02). The study indicates that when fatigued mouth rinsing MALT significantly improves accuracy of skill-specific fencing performance but no corresponding influence on reaction time was observed.

The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on fencing performance and cognitive function following fatigue-inducing fencing. European Journal of Sport Science, November 09 2016.

[King Grub]

Mouth rinsing (MR) with carbohydrate during exercise has been shown to act as an ergogenic aid.

PURPOSE:

To investigate if nutritive or nonnutritive sweetened MR affect exercise performance, and to assess the influence of sweetness intensity on endurance performance during a time-trial (TT).

METHODS:

This randomized, single blinded study had 4 treatment conditions. 16 subjects (9 men, 7 women) completed a 12.8km TT four different times. During each TT, subjects MR and expectorated a different solution at time 0 and every 12.5% of the TT. The 4 MR solutions were: sucrose (S) (sweet taste and provides energy of 4 kcals/g), a lower intensity sucralose (S1:1) (artificial sweetener that provides no energy but tastes sweet), a higher intensity sucralose (S100:1), and water as control (C). Completion times for each TT, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded.

RESULTS:

Completion time for S was faster than C (1:03:47±00:02:17 vs. 1:06:56±00:02:18; p<0.001, respectively), and showed a trend to be faster vs. S100:1 (1:03:47±00:02:17 vs. 1:05:38±00:02:12; p=0.07, respectively). No other TT differences were found. Average HR showed a trend to be higher for S vs. C (p=0.08). There only differences in average or max RPE was for higher max RPE in C vs. S1:1 (p=0.02).

CONCLUSION:

A sweet tasting MR did improve endurance performance compared to water in a significant manner (avg. 4.5% improvement; 3+ min.); however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.

Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Jan 17:1-23. Running Performance with Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses.

[PureWhey]

however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.

Cool

[King Grub]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether mouth rinsing or ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) solutions impact on perceptual responses during exercise.

METHODS:

Nine moderately trained male cyclists underwent a 90-min glycogen-reducing exercise, and consumed a low CHO meal, prior to completing an overnight fast. A 1-h cycle time trial was performed the following morning. Four trials, each separated by 7 days, were conducted in a randomized, counterbalanced study design: 15% CHO mouth rinse (CHOR), 7.5% CHO ingestion (CHOI), placebo mouth rinse (PLAR) and placebo ingestion (PLAI). Solution volumes (1.5 ml · kg-1 ingestion trials and 0.33 ml · kg-1 rinsing trials) were provided after every 12.5% of completed exercise. Perceptual scales were used to assess affective valence (feeling scale, FS), arousal (felt arousal scale, FAS), exertion (ratings of perceived exertion, RPE) and mood (profile of mood states, POMS) before, during and immediately after exercise.

RESULTS:

There was no difference in RPE (CHOI, 14.0 ± 1.9; CHOR, 14.2 ± 1.7; PLAI, 14.6 ± 1.8; PLAR, 14.6 ± 2.0; P = 0.35), FS (CHOI, 0.0 ± 1.7; CHOR, -0.2 ± 1.5; PLAI, -0.8 ± 1.4; PLAR, -0.8 ± 1.6; P = 0.15), or FAS (CHOI, 3.6 ± 1.1; CHOR, 3.5 ± 1.0; PLAI, 3.4 ± 1.4; PLAR, 3.3 ± 1.3; P = 0.725) scores between trials. While overall POMS score did not appear to differ between trials, the 'vigour' subscale indicated that CHOI may facilitate the maintenance of 'vigour' scores over time, in comparison to the steady decline witnessed in other trials (P = 0.04). There was no difference in time trial performance between trials (CHOI, 65.3 ± 4.8 min; CHOR, 68.4 ± 3.9 min; PLAI, 68.7 ± 5.3 min; PLAR, 68.3 ± 5.2 min; P = 0.21) but power output was higher in CHOI (231.0 ± 33.2 W) relative to other trials (221-223.6 W; P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

In a CHO-reduced state, mouth rinsing with a CHO solution did not impact on perceptual responses during high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists and triathletes. On the other hand CHO ingestion improved perceived ratings of vigour and increased power output during exercise.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Jan 25;14:4. Effect of mouth rinsing and ingestion of carbohydrate solutions on mood and perceptual responses during exercise.

[King Grub]

Carbohydrate (CHO) rinsing has been shown to attenuate the decline of maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) following fatiguing exercise-perhaps via a central mechanism. This study sought to determine the effect of a CHO rinse on MVC, voluntary activation, and contractile properties following fatiguing exercise. Thirteen adults participated in a double-blind, cross-over study. MVC of the dominant knee extensors was assessed and voluntary activation (%VA) was determined using twitch-interpolation. Participants then held 50% of MVC until volitional fatigue followed by a 20s rinse with a solution of 8% maltodextrin (CHO) or placebo (PLA). MVC and %VA were reassessed immediately and 5-minutes following exercise. MVC did not differ between the CHO and PLA conditions initially (230±90 vs. 232±90 Nm; p=0.69). MVC declined following exercise (p≤0.01), but no differences were found between the CHO and PLA conditions (p≥0.59). %VA did not differ between conditions (91.9±2.9% vs. 91.5±3.8%; p≥0.11) nor did it change following exercise(p=0.57). Twitch torque (TT), rate of torque development, and rate of torque relaxation were reduced following exercise (p<0.05), but were unaffected by CHO rinsing (p>0.05). Unlike a previous study, a CHO rinse did not preserve MVC following fatiguing exercise. This was likely due to a lack of central fatigue induced by the exercise protocol (as %VA was unaffected) as the CHO rinse is thought to work via a central mechanism.

J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Jan 12. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Prevent the Decline in Maximal Strength Following Fatiguing Exercise.

[King Grub]

Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution has been shown to improve exercise performance in a manner similar to carbohydrate ingestion. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these ergogenic benefits remain unclear. This study evaluated whether rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution alters plasma insulin and glucose concentration during the initial stages of a 40 km cycling time-trial. Eight trained, competitive cyclists [age (mean ± SEM) = 24 ± 2 y; V̇O2max = 64.5 ± 2.2 ml·kg-1·min-1] completed three simulated 40 km time-trials comprised of a familiarization trial, a carbohydrate condition (CHO) and a placebo mouth rinse condition (PLA). In the two mouth rinse conditions, rinsing was administered prior to onset of exercise and every 5 km throughout exercise. Plasma insulin was collected at 5 km intervals throughout the first 25 km, and glucose samples were collected at 5 km intervals throughout the exercise bout. No change in plasma insulin was detected between conditions (p = 0.638, ES < 0.03) for the first 25 km of the time-trial. Likewise, plasma glucose concentration did not differ between CHO and PLA (p = 0.801, ES < 0.01) and remained relatively stable throughout exercise. Time to complete the 40 km time-trial was significantly faster for CHO (67.1 ± 1.1 min) compared to PLA [67.9 ± 1.0 min; (P = 0.028, ES 0.27)]. Performance time was faster by an average of 1.1% (95% confidence interval range 0.2-2.0%) in the CHO condition. Exercise intensity (% V̇O2max) throughout the trial was similar between conditions (p = 0.846). Respiratory exchange ratio was not significantly different between conditions (0.88 ± 0.01 for PLA, and 0.91 ± 0.01 for GLC; p = 0.081). Performance gains elicited by a carbohydrate mouth rinse occurred independently of changes in plasma insulin concentration.

J Sports Sci Med. 2018 Mar 1;17(1):145-152. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Cycling Time-Trial Performance without Altering Plasma Insulin Concentration.